Risk and Scenarios an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Hazard and Scenarios Dangers to PC inside databases and programming originate from interior and outer assaults. Numerous inner dangers are now and then purposeful or inadvertent. It might be from authentic clients or ill-conceived individual. This is critical to improve and advance data security in an association. The initial step is to execute an astute security plan. Need exposition test on Hazard and Scenarios theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue When the information is lost it makes various issues and brings about overwhelming expense in recovering the information and taking new measures for the security. Security additionally suggests to the assurance of frameworks on which information is spared. This incorporates ensuring PCs, organizing components, administrations and applications. Ensuring systems is significant for keeping the data secret, to keep up the respectability of data, confirmation of legitimize clients, and accessibility of information. Potential dangers and threats to the Networks A danger to the safe information on PCs originates from both inside and outside clients. It might be planned or it might be unexpected and unplanned. There are likewise uninvolved and dynamic dangers. Aloof dangers are those where just secure data is discharged without influencing the framework (Computer Security, 1998). If there should arise an occurrence of dynamic dangers, data and framework both are influenced (Computer Security, 1998) and this is for the most part deliberate. Dangers could be from programmers who disguise for getting to make sure about information or spreading infection. Insider assaults could emerge out of the loss of private secure information by approved clients where as pariah assaults are deliberate site intrusion or information access by ill-conceived clients. A few clients can make trap entryways that permit unapproved individual to get to data. Also, danger is from viral assaults that may harm significant information, records and equipment. Fatigue assaults to get to passwords or some other scramble information. Numerous other incidental disappointments can likewise make harm database and programming including risks to hardware and frameworks. For e.g., power disappointments, downpour/day off/storm, seismic tremors and so forth. Assurance from outside danger Assurance from outside dangers incorporate ramifications of following measures: Encryption Software/information Encryption is to encode the data into a unintelligible configuration utilizing explicit scientific key. Thusly message can't be perused in the hands of unapproved people. Just approved individual having the equivalent coordinating key can unscramble and peruse the message. There are distinctive encryption models for scrambling/unscrambling documents. These models thus have variable keys, coming in different size and numbers. The littler the key, the simpler is to split the message. Thusly, for secure and secret data, bigger and harder keys ought to be utilized to encode and disentangle the messages. Two sorts of keys are significant for encryption framework i.e., single key and open/private key. In the event of single key there is just one key which is traded by the organizations secretly and which isn't known by any outsider or unapproved clients. Where as open/private key is a couple of open and private key. Open key is known to open and anybody can utilize that key to send encoded messages to the organization. Private Key is just known by the organization to send encoded messages and to confirm advanced marks. There is a framework called Public key foundation worked by guaranteeing specialists to give key administration. It is a protected administration of encryption key to offer access to just those clients who are approved and ought to be accessible to them just when it is required. Moreover there are Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) which are generally utilized for information encryption. These encryption techniques utilize private key, which could have trillions or quadrillions potential keys. For sending and evaluating the message same key ought to be applied on the two sides. Infection Scanners Checking for any new infections and worms is required like Trojan pony. Organizations ought to have specialized staff and infection scanners refreshed to forestall any new infection intercede into the system. Remote access All clients ought to be restricted to get to just those zones of system where they have their business to be finished. Common records ought to be stayed away from. Checking of record movement is likewise essential. Execution of true framework into such remote territories is required. There ought to be legitimate log off and sign on frameworks utilizing passwords. All clients ought to be maintaining client understanding. Usage of passwords Passwords are extremely valuable in confining access to an information. Execution of passwords to the framework ought to be appropriately done by specialized and all around prepared staff. Establishment of firewalls Firewalls are the most significant method of controlling progression of data on Internet and giving sound security. This security system is called figuratively as firewall as its work is same as physical firewall. It remains as a boundary and ensures the system and access to the data from vindictive assaults (fire). Firewall might be programming or equipment that channels the approaching messages and wards off risky messages like messages containing infections or unscrambling codes (Tyson). Any data spilling out of Internet to private system is controlled. Its establishment needs master help. In the event that huge quantities of PCs are associated along with at least one association lines to the Internet without the situation of the firewalls any PC will approach the information on some other PC on the net through FTP, telnet and so forth. Be that as it may, if a firewall is introduced effectively at every Internet association it will allow and square traffic just to set number of PC s. By setting up rules for Web servers, Telnet and FTP servers the organization can control representatives access to the sites, nearby systems, data recovery and misfortune. There are various techniques for utilizing firewalls; they might be Network level firewalls (additionally called bundle separating), application level firewall (intermediary administration) and stateful examination/sifting strategy for making sure about inflow and outpouring of traffic from arrange. If there should be an occurrence of bundle separating (arrange level firewalls) switches structure associations at different degrees of system. It includes sifting of parcels, which are little bits of information, and afterward sending it to the mentioning framework. Be that as it may, switches can't perform complex capacities. In the event of intermediary server (application level firewalls) data recovered from and sent to the Internet is checked. It gives elevated level of security. Stateful examination is the strategy where singular bundles are broke down for delicate information inside the parcel, which is then contrasted and other solid database rules and data. What's more, attribute s of out-streaming and in-streaming data are additionally contrasted with be allowed through the system or dismissed. The capacity of circuit door is to control the progression of bundles b/w customer and server. It approves the meeting before building up a circuit b/w customer and server. When the association is finished, information of comparable coordinating data is permitted to pass. Disengaging secure information from open information Information for open utilize must be disengaged from private firewalls. Web servers of the organization that plan to give data to open utilize must not be blended with private firewall areas. Rather, open data ought to be situated in a different spot other than private data. Assurance from inside danger Insider dangers incorporate those of inadvertent or unintentional access to secret data by real clients. These dangers may from deliberate break-ins. Representatives preparing Staff utilized for specialized issues and systems administration upkeep ought to be all around prepared and reliable. However, most system security dangers would be unplanned because of regular human slip-ups. This inadvertent access to make sure about information because of some systems administration issues even erroneously is chance commendable. Along these lines, faculty utilized in an association ought to be straightforward to agree to security strategies. Ensuring data in transmission: SSL Servers Secure Sockets Layers (SSL) servers are liable for transmission of money related, installment and charging exchanges through an internet browser. For this situation an internet browser creates an encoded message with an irregular key that ought to be coordinated with has open key for getting to the information (Introduction, chap 9). Validation Messages could be validated utilizing computerized marks, time stamps, grouping numbers, advanced authentications and encryption. Advanced marks secure the message in a manner that if messages are some way or another modified during transmission it could be quickly recognized. In the event that the mark isn't change during transmission it approves that the message isn't changed (Introduction, chap 9). Another approach to validate message is to install time stamps, arrangement numbers or irregular numbers inside the message. The exact grouping of these recognizes the innovation of the message. Any adjustment in the message will change the succession, which can caution the clients that the message has been perused and mediated. If there should be an occurrence of advanced declarations the individual getting the message should initially verify his personality to peruse the message. The administrations of computerized declarations are given by outsider specialists. These are approved dec laration suppliers to confirm the approved clients. Data sent over the Internet is amazingly defenseless because of significant level of presentation on overall system. Encryption of messages is the best technique to check the demonstrations of attack in sent message. Reinforcements are likewise significant piece of recuperation procedure to get to lost or degenerate information. End Whatever opportun

South Africa's Criminal Justice System Research Paper

South Africa's Criminal Justice System - Research Paper Example After this, the investigation examines the positives and inadequacies of the South African criminal equity framework. A difference of South Africa’s legitimate framework with the US criminal equity framework at that point goes before the end to the investigation. The Characteristics of the South African Criminal Justice System At the general level, South Africa has a half and half criminal equity framework, advancing lawful pluralism as the country’s legitimate framework created. As indicated by Mireku (2010), custom-based law in South Africa includes a blend of Dutch-Roman variation of common law and English customary law. The Roman-Dutch impacts are followed from the seventeenth century colonization of South Africa by Holland, while the English impact results from English pilgrims later in the country’s recorded record. The Roman-Dutch part of South African criminal law concerns the private law subjects including authoritative understandings and family law just as criminal law. In the mean time, the English perspective includes the law of proof and various different subjects in open law. Other than the two, South Africa likewise fuses standard law inside its lawful framework. Standard law is utilized where appropriate and subject to the Constitution, particularly working in customary/provincial networks. Such people group utilize a mix of standard, common/customary law to direct issues including conjugal issues and legacy. Other than this, South African law isn't systematized and follows a comparable example to the English framework where translation is looked for dependent on court choices/points of reference and individual rules (Schwikkard, 2009). Another part of the qualities of the South African legitimate framework is its maintaining established matchless quality and Universal Bill of Rights. Though the Apartheid system was developed on a parliamentary sway, the contemporary South African criminal equity framework is a sacred majori ty rule government. This is supported through settling in the Bill of Rights in law and a particular preeminent established court. This court possesses the most elevated situation in the legal pecking order and exclusively manages sacred maters and choices interconnected with the constitution (Mireku, 2010). Meaningful law in South Africa originates from the impact of the English lawful framework. As indicated by Barratt and Snyman (2002), the British kept up the Royal-Dutch lawful framework rather than officially presenting their meaningful law after building up provincial impact in South Africa right off the bat in the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding, the British calculated that the Roman-Dutch framework would not sufficiently provide food for present day society necessities which prompted imaginative laws dependent on English Acts and utilizing English points of reference for understanding. English procedural law was received, which were seen to impact meaningful arrangements . Besides, the unrivaled court judges and promoters got their preparation in England and, consequently, tended towards English treatises. One of the viewpoints in which meaningful law is displayed is in the Bill of Rights, where 27 considerable arrangements are accommodated. Such arrangements rotate around rights, for example, the privilege to life and the privilege to human nobility. Van der Merwe (2004) talks about procedural law in the South African criminal equity framework, expressing that it follows its underlying foundations to the impact of British control of South Africa in the twentieth century. The provincial ace presented procedural law in all South African regions through

New modernism - Free Essay Example

With the demolition of Pruitt Igoe in 1976, modernism could be safely laid to rest. Architectures greatest movement was dead, along with its heroes. With no time to start again, architecture was left either to grasp onto the last vital strands of modernism or to completely reject modernisms central tenants (though movements moving out of the modern era seldom stuck to just one of those approaches). After the death of modernism many more isms were born, far too many to discuss within these pages, which is why our conversation around the post-modern era will be centered around Framptons Critical Regionalism and the postmodernism of Charles Jenks. Critical Regionalism was born out of an intentional opposition to the lack of identity characterized by placelessness in modernism. Post-Modernist architecture, however, wants to completely disassociate (conceptually) with modernism. While postmodernism seeks to act as a complete rejection of the modern standard Critical Regionalism is solidly rooted in the modern narrative, rejecting Postmodernisms inclination towards whimsical individualism and ornamentation, while still expanding modernism through an increased focus on context (both geographical and cultural). As mentioned in chapter one, Critical Regionalism is one of the isms that emerged in the post-modern era that does not seek to altogether destroy modernism. The approach relays highly on the tradition of modernism for its basis, while seeking to expand it. It adds identity and context to modernism which was often cold and could be described as having the feeling of placelessness. This approach seeks to bring together global and local languages or architecture to create works that advance the discourse in a way that doesnt discount character or context. Though this approach strongly advocates for more freedom than modernism allowed, it also rejects the other side, postmodernism and its inclination towards whimsy and over individualism. In this way, Critical Regionalism is both highly related to postmodernism and modernism, but also finds them both troublesome in their extreme natures. Critical Regionalism is the mediator of the post-modern era. For Jenks modern architecture had become stiff and unexpressive, in turn losing its unique ability to reference. His dream for postmodernism then is to see the return of wit and ornament in architecture. That the referential, expressive and symbolic value of architecture elements would again be valued. That the lost concern of aesthetics would return into the discourse. For Jenks, the rejection of modernism culminated in a language of signs. This new language can seldom be easier read than in the work of Philip Johnson, exemplified in the ATT building in Manhattan. The architectural elements are easily read, clear, and in most cases over-articulated. Their amplifications take them from the realm of a single detail to an expressive and referential sign. One needs only to see a single element to understand the category it stands for; each element then is both a player in the part to whole relationship as well as being an example of a clear type. The modernism of order and correctness g ives way to a postmodern era of relative chaos where no building, element. With the death of the modern project, the field of architecture was fractured, split into highly stylized and conceptual focused isms as coined by Jenks. These new and vastly different approaches to architecture, for the most part, were formed by very specific acceptances or rejections of different strands of modernism. So many of these new strands came out of modernism that Jenks, as an attempt at a joke I believe, created a future timeline of various approaches and camps of architecture that would emerge in the coming years. He never backed any of them up or even elaborated their meaning, but just in the simple act of naming these possible offshoots I think he made the sheer volume of fractures within the architectural discourse that had emerged and would most likely continue to emerge due to the death of modernism (modernism for which all of architecture seemed to put its only hope in for so long). This chapter will explore some of the real and some of the false isms created by th e due death of modernism. Modern architectural discourse has moved from a discipline concerned with walls and the technical matter of fact realities of the built condition in the form of buildings; to a discourse that is highly contextualized (in time, space, and society) and thus must bow to the contemporaneous conditions of all three. Architecture is no longer pure, it can no longer be separated from its context and remain the same, it can no longer just be architecture (though some would argue that this was in fact never entirely possible). Thus, the modes of analysis, critique, and evaluation must also change. Critique becomes less formal, less grand more practical, and I would argue more internal. The speed and relevance of architectural experimentation has been exponentially accelerated by both modern-day social structures and the advent of the information age. One need no longer wait for a building to be built to asses it because one no longer needs to build a building to have adequate, clear, and adva nced representations of the work. Drawings, models and 3D modeling softwares (along with serval other technological and infrastructural advancements) allows for the pace, style, and type of production to be better suited to more immediate, specific, a conversational critique. These more rapid/specific revisions and quicker feedback loops allow for projects to be more fully articulated much more quickly than in any previous time. With more rounds of drafting, more and more imperfections and conceits in conception can be considered (either in an attempt to draw them back in or at the very least to recognize and consider the implications of such a conceit). Even beyond that, these quicker processes allow for more production, more buildings, more experiments, more drawings, more models, all of which lead to a better understanding of things much quicker than before. Such conceits, as mentioned before, are inevitable in a discourse that has become as contextualized as modern Architecture, in the same way that modern society is little more than the culmination of many small (seemingly unimportant or uncompromising) conceits towards the way things used to be, that have led to a society barely recognizable as the product of the original (the Cameo 2016, 72). Meredith believes that in such a discourse the building has become the sole project of architecture (the emblem, the preserved definition), and such narrow consideration has threatened to fracture the field into extremely specific niches, niches that if left to their own devices would, at some point, no longer bare any passing resemblance to one another (Meredith 2015, 13). Thus, keeping the building as the central tenant of architecture undercuts the discipline, giving it too narrow of a definition (effectively strangling it into many smaller discourses). Which is why he proposes the body of work as a complete whole look at architecture in all its forms; allowing the discourse to encompass a larger spectrum of designed objects, that though many may not be architecture in the most traditional sense add to the expanded conception and practice of the modern architecture discipline. This expansion of both product and processes of production has also lead to a confusion of the issue of authorship. Both in very literal terms but also in conceptual terms. I believe the blurring of roles between critic and architect has confused those lines. Both roles (rather assigned to specific figures, groups, or internalized) blurs the concept of sole authorship and ownership of both conceptions and final output. That being said I believe that it is exactly this blurring that allows for the quicker and truer advancement of architecture. No longer does critique have to happen over years and through peer-reviewed articles, such critique, though valuable often happens too late and exercises no direct influence on the referenced product or process of production. While the new model of critique often occurring in person or more informal settings has the potential to be much more effectual. In turn, this starts the feedback loop going much sooner in the process giving it a much larg er scope of influence. I believe it is precisely this change (aided by technological advancements) that has allowed architecture to take on a larger spectrum of the built environment and given the discipline legitimacy when representing and acting as a physical representation for larger life concepts much more tangible then it ever could have hoped for before.

Majority Language - Definition and Examples

A majority language is the language thats usually spoken by a majority of the population in a country or in a region of a country. In a multilingual society, the majority language is generally considered the high-status language. It is also called the dominant language or killer language, in contrast with minority language. As Dr. Lenore Grenoble points out in the Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (2009), The respective terms majority and minority for Languages A and B are not always accurate; speakers of Language B may be numerically greater but in a disadvantaged social or economic position which makes the use of the language of wider communication attractive. Examples and Observations [P]ublic institutions in the most powerful Western nations, the U.K., the United States, France, and Germany, have been monolingual for over a century or more with no significant movement toward challenging the hegemonic position of the majority language. Immigrants have not generally challenged the hegemony of these nations and have usually assimilated rapidly, and none of these countries has faced the linguistic challenges of Belgium, Spain, Canada, or Switzerland. (S. Romaine, Language Policy in Multinational Educational Contexts. Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics, ed. by Jacob L. Mey. Elsevier, 2009) From Cornish (Minority Language) to English (Majority Language) Cornish was formerly spoken by thousands of people in Cornwall [England], but the community of Cornish speakers did not succeed in maintaining its language under the pressure of English, the prestigious majority language and national language. To put it differently: the Cornish community shifted from Cornish to English (cf. Pool, 1982). Such a process seems to be going on in many bilingual communities. More and more speakers use the majority language in domains where they formerly spoke the minority tongue. They adopt the majority language as their regular vehicle of communication, often mainly because they expect that speaking the language gives better chances for upward mobility and economic success. (Renà © Appel and Pieter Muysken, Language Contact and Bilingualism. Edward Arnold, 1987) Code-Switching: The We-Code and the They-Code The tendency is for the ethnically specific, minority language to be regarded as the we code and become associated with in-group and informal activities, and for the majority language to serve as the they code associated with more formal, stiffer and less personal out-group relations. (John Gumperz, Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press, 1982) Colin Baker on Elective and Circumstantial Bilingualism Elective bilingualism is a characteristic of individuals who choose to learn a language, for example in the classroom (Valdà ©s, 2003). Elective bilinguals typically come from majority language groups (e.g. English-speaking North Americans who learn French or Arabic). They add a second language without losing their first language. Circumstantial bilinguals learn another language to function effectively because of their circumstances (e.g. as immigrants). Their first language is insufficient to meet their educational, political and employment requirements, and the communicative needs of the society in which they are placed. Circumstantial bilinguals are groups of individuals who must become bilingual to operate in the majority language society that surrounds them. Consequently, their first language is in danger of being replaced by the second language—subtractive context. The difference between elective and circumstantial bilingualism is important because it immediately locate s differences of prestige and status, politics and power among bilinguals. (Colin Baker, Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 5th ed. Multilingual Matters, 2011)[U]ntil recently, bilinguals have often been wrongly portrayed negatively (e.g. as having a split identity, or cognitive deficits). Part of this is political (e.g. prejudice against immigrants; majority language groups asserting their greater power, status and economic ascendancy; those in power wanting social and political cohesion around monolingualism and monoculturism).However, the portrayal of bilinguals varies internationally. In some countries (e.g. India, parts of Africa and Asia), it is normal and expected to be multilingual (e.g. in a national language, an international language and one or more local languages). In other countries, bilinguals are typically immigrants and seen as causing economic, social and cultural challenges to the dominant majority. . . . With both immigrant and indigenous minori ties, the term minority is decreasingly defined in terms of smaller numbers in the population and increasingly as a language of low prestige and low in power relative to the majority language. (Colin Baker, Bilingualism and Multilingualism. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., edited by Kirsten Malmkjaer. Routledge, 2004)

The Theory Of Hegemonic Stability - 1692 Words

Hegemony demands power. The theory of hegemonic stability in our international system requires a single, predominant state to enforce the rules of the system. A hegemonic state is indeed that; the most powerful state. In order to achieve this authority as a hegemon in the international system there are key attributes a state must possess in order to secure a stable position through competitive capability. The presence of a hegemon is a necessary condition for regime formation. Liberal regime theory states this regime puts forth a set of expectations for the international community and enforces this element. There are several ways a hegemon establishes authority and enforces their rules. Militarily, economically, and technologically.†¦show more content†¦A final key point a hegemonic regime must possess in combination with these elements in order to be successful, is an ability and willingness to lead. They must commit to the system, maintain the ability to enforce the rules of the system, and hold a zeal to force stability for what they perceive as mutually beneficial for the international system as a whole. Currently, the U.S. has established dominance in these factors, however, there is an ebb and flow with power in the international system and there are challenges to the lead power. China is the worlds most important rising power by many measures, and many of those measures indicate that China is indeed a leading power, second to the U.S. China’s Economy Economically, China possesses a GDP second to that of the U.S. and their economy has had the highest growth rate in the world in the last two decades. However, this growth in GDP has to be opened up and looked at underneath the surface. David Shambaugh references in his book China Goes Global, that â€Å"its [China’s] global position is not as strong as it seems. . .its exports are still dominated by generally low-end consumer products† (Shambaugh 157). China’s presence in the international trading market is that of consumer goods. Nearly all of China’s exports are manufactured consumer goods and China’s â€Å"knowledge-intensive industries still lag† (Shambaugh 158). China’s economic power is that of a

Diagnostic Tools Essay free essay sample

The prodronormal phase is turning into a need and no longer a want, this is also when blackouts begin. This phase can last form six months to about 5 years. The crucial phase is where you start to lose to control, once you take your first drink, you can not stop. Your life will revolve around alcohol. The last phase is the chronic phase, you begin drinking at an earlier time in the day and spend the majority of the day under the influence. You are able to tolerate more alcohol which causes you to drink more heavily and your behavior becomes dangerous. Tremors begin and you are no longer rational. The DSM-IV TR Diagnostic Criteria is a little different. For Alcohol dependence they see it as a pattern which leads to distress or impairment. They evaluate it from a 12 month period, if you have 3 or more issues from the list, you are considered alcohol dependent; Tolerance is increased and it becomes a need, withdrawal, not successful in being able to cut back alcohol consumption, spending more time doing things related to drinking, drinking larger amounts or a longer period than intended, when you know there is physical or psychological problem but continue to drink, and giving up things in your life because of your drinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnostic Tools Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The DSM-IV TR for alcohol abuse is also a pattern in a 12 month period. If you have at least one from the following it is considered alcohol abuse; continue drinking that interferes with home or work, continued drinking that causes problems with personal life, drinking and having risky or hazardous behavior, more than one alcohol-related legal issue. There are some differences between Jellineks Phases of Alcoholism and DSM-IV TR. The newer version, DSM-IV TR dropped the word alcoholism and does not believe in overlapping symptoms of abuse or dependence. Diagnosing alcohol dependence are as followed; if the person has or doesnt have withdrawal and tolerance. Diagnosing alcohol abuse is associating with continuing to drink even though they have legal, personal, or social problems because of alcohol. While Jellineks Phases are associated with social, physical, and psychological symptoms recorded over a matter of time, they come step by step. They also believe phases can overlap. DSM-IV TR is what more people go by, because it is up to date and more accurate to help diagnose people with what kind of problem are facing.

Performance management systems linked to reward

Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Performance management system Motivation Total reward system Summary and Conclusion Reference List Executive Summary This report covers the fundamentals of performance management, and explains what all the managers and supervisors should know concerning the concept of performance management. In addition, the report creates special emphasis on the importance of employee motivation to performance.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance management systems linked to reward specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In explaining the different concepts, the report uses relevant literature and specific theories, which help the reader to understand the information clearly. Further, the report aims to help the Brook and Kent Company limited in proper implementation of their performance management so as to help improve the quantity and quality of work that the employees pro duce. Introduction Most organisation do not really comprehend what performance management really means. Therefore, these organisations are usually dismayed at why sometimes the employees may be working hard, and are satisfied with their jobs but still the outcomes from the work of the employees do not reflect the input that the managers and supervisors expect. This usually makes the managers and supervisors to wonder what they may be doing wrong in helping to increase the productivity of the workers. In most of these situations, the managers or supervisors have usually gotten the concept of performance management all wrong, hence this is portrayed in the outcomes of the work done by the employees. Performance management can be explained in simple terms as the activities which an employer or the organisation may take to ensure that the goals which are set are consistently achieved and in an efficient and effective method. The performance management can be used to evaluate the perform ance of employees, a department within the organisation or the performance of the whole organisation in general. Generally, performance management tries to bring out the best out of the employees’ ability, to enable the organisation achieve good returns. For instance, some organisations use reward based performance management to reward the employees who are perceived to have high performance. Rewarding is a form of recognition for the employees contribution towards the attainment of the main objectives within the business. This report will attempt to evaluate the main concepts of the performance management, which should be applied to organizations to ensure the effectiveness of their performance management systems.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paper will also cover the assumptions which different organisations make in implementing their performance management systems, which ultimately lead to the inefficiency of the performance management systems in ensuring better performance of the employees and therefore better returns for the company. Moreover, the findings of this report will be based on the problems that Brooks Kent Company limited, a small construction SME, faces. Performance management system For many organisations, the performance management system is first implemented through the creation of an effective business strategy, i.e. strategic planning. The business strategy determines where the business would like to be after a specific period of time. Normally, the period may be six months, one year or even ten years. In addition, the business strategy should have a close relationship with the main objective of the business, as well as pay close attention to the means of performance appraisal in recognition of outstanding achievement by the employees of the company (Verweire and Berghe, 2004, p 93). The performance appraisal may t ake different forms; Brook and Kent opted for the reward based appraisal. However, the appraisals may also be used in other forms which are not reward-based. The reward based appraisals of Brook Kent takes the form of promotions, salary increase and the issue of bonuses to outstanding work by the employees. This helps in improving the motivation of the workers as their effort is recognised by the management of the company. In the research, the following systems were reviewed, to explain the reward based management organisation of the Brook Kent and how the theories may be used to solve some of the problems existing at the company and improve productivity. Therefore, the main purpose which makes an organisation to implement a performance management system is to ensure that: The employees do the work which the organisation requires them to do. Normally, the performance management system specifies the specific work which the employees supposed to do (anon. 2007 p 1). The employees k now the amount of work that the organisation requires them to do and the quality of the work which they should produce. This therefore guides the employee by putting specific targets which the employee is supposed to meet to satisfy the organisation (anon, 2007, p 1). The performance management system also ensures that the employees’ output is monitored closely and the information on their ongoing performance communicated to them. This makes the employees to make the necessary correction on their quantity or quality of work to ensure that they achieve the set performance in the set period of time (anon, 2007, p 1). The performance management system also ensures that exemplary work is rewarded, based on the performance management system that the organisation is using. The performance management system also ensures that necessary measures are taken on an employee who fails to meet the set performance standards (anon, 2007, p 1). Both these measures ensure that the organisation achieves its strategic objectives as set out. The main components of a performance management system include: Communicating the performance expectations which the organisation requires its employees to achieve; Maintaining and monitoring the ongoing performance of the employees of the organisation; and Conducting regular performance appraisal (Anon, 2007 p 2). During the initial stages of the implementation of the performance management system, the organisation should come up with effective strategies which fit with the main objectives of the business. In normal circumstances, the application of the organization strategies should be implemented using the appropriate performance management system. How the organisation implements the strategies in the performance management system ensures whether the strategies will be effectively met. After the planning stage, the organization should effectively communicate the strategies to the employees and ensure that they are embedded in the o rganisational culture of the company concerned. This ensures that the employees will continuously strive to achieve the set performance standards as they relate with the standards. This is usually the most important component of a performance management system.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance management systems linked to reward specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the organisation fails to effectively communicate the performance management system to the employees, there is a very high possibility that the performance standards in the organisation will not be achieved. This is because the employees may not associate with the set standards and may be on the perception that the performance management system does not benefit them (Taticchi, 2010, p 245). For an effective and efficient performance management system, the organisation must continuously maintain, monitor and analyse the performance managemen t standards. The organisation must use data which is reliable, and have an effective method of interpreting the data. This helps the organization to determine the progress of the employees with regard to the performance management standards which have been put for them. The organisation should also communicate its findings to the employees so that they may take the necessary measures. The organisation should have effective means of appraising exemplary performance of its employees. This helps in motivating the workers who have performed better and also help in motivating the other workers to also perform better as they are guaranteed efficient appraisal methods. However, if the organisation fails to plan and implement the performance appraisal effectively, it may lead to reduced performance of the employees. This may happen if only a few people are rewarded and there are many other people expecting to be rewarded. This makes those people who were not rewarded to get demotivated (Rao and Rao 2004 p 13). Motivation Motivation of employees is a very vital aspect, which all managers usually consider. Employee motivation can be defined as the set of forces, which guide a person to continuously strive to achieve a certain goal. Generally, the origin of the forces may either be internal or external. Employee motivation enables the individual to find pleasure in the process of achieving the goals set by the company to continuously endeavour to improve on the outcomes of his activities. Therefore, motivated employees will perform better as they find pleasure in their activities and therefore put more effort in implementation of the activities.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different organisations implement performance management systems so as to help improve the quality and quantity of output that the employees produce. The organisations aim to do this by improving the motivation of the employees in different ways to enable them to achieve the required performance standards. To achieve this, the performance management system has several methods of employee appraisal, which help in motivating the employees to perform better as the organisation would recognise their outstanding contribution to the organisational goals. The performance management systems not only determine the appraisal methods, but it also determines what actions will be taken on the employees for failure to reach their performances. Performance management usually determines the rewards which the employees will get due to the achievement of their performances. Normally, the rewards may be in the form of promotions, bonuses, salary increases or recognition. This helps in motivating the e mployees to achieve the rewards. However, the performance management is also used to determine what measures will be taken to an employee who fails to achieve his expected performance. The measures taken may range from demotions, forfeited bonuses and allowances to loss of the job. This, according to Jeremy Bentham’s â€Å"the carrot and the stick motivation theory† helps in motivating the employees to achieve their performances. According to Bentham, all individuals are motivated by the urge to avoid pain and find pleasure in the activities they take. Bentham stated that â€Å"a worker will work only if the reward is big enough or the punishment is sufficiently unpleasant† (Cited in Shah and Shah, 2010). Bentham was of the view that if you want a donkey to move you either have to dangle a carrot in front of it or whack it with a stick from behind hence the name, â€Å"the carrot and the stick† (Shah and Shah 2010). In the context of employee motivation i n relation to performance management, pay rise, promotion, bonus or recognition are the â€Å"carrot† which aid in motivating the worker. More often, the employee will strive to achieve his/her performance so as to get the rewards. On the other hand, demotions, forfeited bonuses and allowances, and loss of the job are the â€Å"stick† which motivates the employee to work and achieve his/her performance, in a way of avoiding such ‘stick’. The relationship between motivation and performance management can also be explained by the Victor Vroom’s valence x expectation motivation theory. Vroom states that â€Å"an employee is motivated to perform better if he/she believes that the better performance will lead to better performance appraisal and that this shall result into the realisation of personal goal in form of some reward† ( shah and shah, 2010, part 8). In our context, the performance management outlines the various appraisal methods which m ay be given to the employees in case he/she attains his/her performance. According to Vroom, the employee is not motivated by the actions taken against him/her for failure to reach the set performance. However, the employee gets motivation from the perceived rewards which he/ she may get due to attainment of his/her performance. There are usually different appraisal methods which are used by different organisations to help in motivating their employees. However, a recent form of performance appraisal which is mostly used by different organisation is the total reward method of appraisal. Total reward system It is widely agreed by different scholars that people do not work just to get paid; the reasons that make people work are far much more than the pay, which the organisation may offer to the employees. Therefore, for an organisation to be able to effectively motivate the employees they must not just use the payment, but must also understand and take measures to ensure that the empl oyees needs are met, which in turn leads to motivation. Different theories have been proposed to explain the source of motivation of the employees, some of which have already been discussed above. Therefore, to achieve motivation, the organisation needs to use the total reward system to acquire motivation of its workforce. However, careful observation of the motivation theories shows that employees are mainly motivated due the fulfilment of their needs, both material and immaterial. This is usually the basis of the total reward system. Total reward is defined by Worldatwork, the association which deals with total reward in the US, as all the tools which an employer may use to attract, motivate and retain employees and anything which the employee recognises to be valuable according to the employment relationship (Armstrong, 2002, p 8). The total reward system therefore, has many components, both financial (material) and non-financial (immaterial). Different scholars have proposed dif ferent constituents of the total reward performance management appraisal method. However, even though the general components are different, most of the components are similar to those proposed by Worldatwork. The main components of the total reward system according to Worldatwork (2005) are: pay, benefits, and learning and development (Jiang et al, 2009, p 4). Pay refers to all the forms of recognition which have monitory value attached to them. It includes base salary, bonus allowances and any other form of recognition which has financial payment attached to it. This payment helps in attracting highly qualified personnel to the organisation and also in retaining them. The benefits include retirement benefits, healthcare benefits, savings and time, which the employee may be given to spend as he wishes. The benefits which are given to the employees are mainly meant to protect their future and reduce uncertainty. Moreover, reduction in the uncertainty of the employee helps in increas ing his motivation to the work as he is assured of his future needs being met by his employer (Armstrong, 2002, p 9). Learning and development facilitates career growth and knowledge improvement in employees. Normally, learning and development may take the form of career development and training. This usually helps in retaining the employee into the organisation as the activity satisfies the personal development needs of the individual. Moreover, learning and development is not necessarily a financial gain to the employee; it just helps to improve the employee satisfaction by and helping to quench his thirst of knowledge. Summary and Conclusion The above report has explicitly explained the performance management systems. The understanding of the performance management system will enable Brook and Kent to take the appropriate measures to help in improving the employee motivation. The main problem, which Brook and Kent faces, is the fact that their appraisal methods are not effective. In addition, managers do not appraise exemplary performance at the required time, and delay in appraising the achievement makes the employees feel demotivated as their contribution to the organisation is not recognised. Moreover, some of the employees feel that they deserve to be rewarded yet fail to get the rewards, as it takes long to reward exemplary work. Brook and Kent should therefore implement a performance management system which regularly recognises exemplary work. The organisation should also implement a total reward performance management appraisal system which will cater for all the needs of the employees not only material but also immaterial. Implementation of the recommendations and a clear understanding of the performance management systems will enable Books and Kent Company limited to have high quantity and quality returns after the implementation of the performance management system. Reference List Armstrong, M., 2002. Employee Reward. London: CIPD Publishing. Web. Anon. 2007. Performance management. North Carolina State personnel manual Web. Jiang, Z. et al. 2009. Total reward strategy: a human resources management strategy going with the trends of the time. International journal of business management, vol. Web. Rao, T. V. and Rao, T. V., 2004. Performance management and appraisal systems: HR tools for global competitiveness. New Delhi: SAGE. Web. Shah, K. and Shah, P. J., 2010. Theories of motivation. Lay networks. Web. Taticchi, P., 2010. Business Performance Measurement and Management: New Contexts, Themes and Challenges, Berlin, Springer. Web. Verweire, K and Berghe, L., 2004. Integrated performance management: a guide to strategy implementation. New Delhi: SAGE. Web. This report on Performance management systems linked to reward was written and submitted by user Bruno Dean to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.